{"id":5625,"date":"2016-04-21T12:00:10","date_gmt":"2016-04-21T11:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/duncanshelley.com\/?p=5625"},"modified":"2016-04-21T12:00:10","modified_gmt":"2016-04-21T11:00:10","slug":"mi-van-a-demokracian-tul","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/duncanshelley.com\/en\/mi-van-a-demokracian-tul\/","title":{"rendered":"Mi van a demokr\u00e1ci\u00e1n t\u00fal?"},"content":{"rendered":"

A demokr\u00e1cia a t\u00f6megek uralma. A demokr\u00e1cia a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem legnagyobb politikai v\u00edvm\u00e1nya. Sokan nagyj\u00e1b\u00f3l ennyit tudnak<\/em> a demokr\u00e1ci\u00e1r\u00f3l. A legstabilabban az az elk\u00e9pzel\u00e9s tartja mag\u00e1t, hogy nincs semmi, ami enn\u00e9l a politikai berendezked\u00e9sn\u00e9l jobb lenne.<\/p>\n

Jelenleg tizenhatf\u00e9le demokr\u00e1ci\u00e1t k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztet meg egym\u00e1st\u00f3l a szakirodalom. Valamennyi t\u00edpusnak a l\u00e9nyege ugyanaz: az \u00e1llampolg\u00e1rok koruk, elme\u00e1llapotuk \u00e9s erk\u00f6lcsi \u00e9rz\u00e9k\u00fck jog\u00e1n belesz\u00f3lnak a korm\u00e1nyz\u00e1sba. Valamilyen m\u00e9rt\u00e9kben, \u00e9s valamilyen form\u00e1ban.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Mintegy h\u00e1rom \u00e9vezreddel ezel\u0151tt G\u00f6r\u00f6gorsz\u00e1gban a gyarmatok r\u00e9v\u00e9n nem arisztokrata sz\u00e1rmaz\u00e1s\u00fa emberek kezdtek hatalmas vagyonra szert tenni, majd belesz\u00f3l\u00e1st k\u00f6veteltek a korm\u00e1nyz\u00e1sba. Befoly\u00e1suk miatt ezt meg is kapt\u00e1k. Ennek nyom\u00e1n a t\u00e1rsadalomban egyre t\u00f6bb er\u0151 \u00e9bredt r\u00e1 saj\u00e1t hatalm\u00e1ra, \u00e9s mindegyik r\u00e9szt k\u00edv\u00e1nt mag\u00e1nak az ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1sb\u00f3l.<\/p>\n

Az \u00e9rdekelts\u00e9gek k\u00f6z\u00f6tti p\u00e1rbesz\u00e9d kialak\u00edt\u00e1sa \u00e9s a d\u00f6nt\u00e9shozatal megk\u00f6nny\u00edt\u00e9se \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben l\u00e9trehoztak egy rendszert, \u00e9s az \u00e1llam ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t a lobbicsoportok vett\u00e9k \u00e1t. Ez a rendszer a mai \u00e9rtelemben vett korm\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n

Az, amit mi miniszt\u00e9riumnak nevez\u00fcnk, valamikor egy lobbicsoport volt, amely az er\u0151 jog\u00e1n sz\u00f3lt bele a politik\u00e1ba.<\/p>\n

A t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem eddig k\u00e9tfajta politikai rendszert tudott kitermelni: az egyik az egyszem\u00e9ly\u0171 vagy dinasztia alap\u00fa \u00f6nk\u00e9nyuralom, a m\u00e1sik a lobbicsoportok uralma. Ez ut\u00f3bbi a demokr\u00e1cia, amely pontos ford\u00edt\u00e1sban azt jelenti, hogy \u201eaz arisztokr\u00e1ci\u00e1n k\u00edv\u00fcli n\u00e9pr\u00e9tegek belesz\u00f3l\u00e1sa a politik\u00e1ba\u201d.<\/p>\n

A demokr\u00e1cia kritik\u00e1ja<\/h2>\n

A demokr\u00e1ci\u00e1t sz\u00fclet\u00e9se pillanat\u00e1t\u00f3l \u00e9rt\u00e9k kritik\u00e1k, \u00e9s a kritika a kezdetekt\u0151l mostan\u00e1ig ugyanaz: a korm\u00e1nyz\u00e1st nem szabad \u00e9rdemtelen emberekre b\u00edzni<\/em>.<\/p>\n

A t\u00e9tel a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151k\u00e9ppen hangzik: \u201eA cs\u0151csel\u00e9k nem rendelkezik azokkal a k\u00e9pess\u00e9gekkel, azokkal az er\u00e9nyekkel, \u00e9s nem kapta meg azt a neveltet\u00e9st, amely alkalmass\u00e1 tenn\u00e9 arra, hogy belesz\u00f3ljon az \u00e1llam vezet\u00e9s\u00e9be.\u201d A cs\u0151csel\u00e9k<\/em> sz\u00f3 defin\u00edci\u00f3ja: az \u00f6sszes n\u00e9pr\u00e9teg az arisztokr\u00e1ci\u00e1n k\u00edv\u00fcl.<\/p>\n

A hajdani \u00e9rtelemben vett arisztokr\u00e1cia m\u00e1r nem l\u00e9tezik, a kritika, b\u00e1r l\u00e9nyeg\u00e9t tekintve nem v\u00e1ltozott meg, r\u00e9szleteiben igen.<\/p>\n

Ma is azt l\u00e1tjuk, hogy \u00e9rdemtelenek belesz\u00f3l\u00e1sa a politik\u00e1ba, semmi j\u00f3hoz nem vezet, de ma m\u00e1r nem az arisztokr\u00e1ci\u00e1n k\u00edv\u00fcli n\u00e9pr\u00e9tegeket tekintj\u00fck \u00e9rdemtelennek. Abban vannak nagy elt\u00e9r\u00e9sek, hogy ki kit tekint \u00e9rdemtelennek, \u00e9s milyen alapon.<\/p>\n

N\u00e9pszavaz\u00e1s<\/h2>\n

T\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi t\u00e1vlatokban n\u00e9zve, a n\u00e9pszavaz\u00e1s meglehet\u0151sen \u00faj eszk\u00f6z a politika kez\u00e9ben. K\u00e9t komoly indok is sz\u00f3l a n\u00e9pszavaz\u00e1s gyakorlata ellen.<\/p>\n

EGY: A n\u00e9pszavaz\u00e1s semmit sem jelent. Ha \u00edgy van, akkor ez csup\u00e1n \u00fcres felhajt\u00e1s, legfeljebb, mint felm\u00e9r\u00e9st lehet \u00e9rt\u00e9kelni, a val\u00f3di d\u00f6nt\u00e9sek a sz\u00ednfalak m\u00f6g\u00f6tt t\u00f6rt\u00e9nnek. A n\u00e9pszavaz\u00e1s eltereli a figyelmet, \u00e9s elrejti a felel\u0151s\u00f6ket.<\/p>\n

KETT\u0150: A n\u00e9pszavaz\u00e1s d\u00f6nt. Ha emberekre kell szavazni, akkor olyan emberekre szavazunk, akiket nem ismer\u00fcnk, ha eld\u00f6ntend\u0151 k\u00e9rd\u00e9sekben kell szavaznunk, olyan ter\u00fcleten hozunk d\u00f6nt\u00e9st, amihez nem \u00e9rt\u00fcnk.<\/p>\n

Szavaz\u00f3k milli\u00f3i adj\u00e1k le voksukat olyan emberekre, akikr\u0151l nem tudnak semmit, ennek k\u00f6vetkezt\u00e9ben nem a jel\u00f6ltek alkalmass\u00e1ga a d\u00f6nt\u0151 t\u00e9nyez\u0151, hanem a kamp\u00e1ny sikeress\u00e9ge.<\/p>\n

Eld\u00f6ntend\u0151 k\u00e9rd\u00e9sekn\u00e9l ugyanez a helyzet: arra fog a t\u00f6bb szavazat \u00e9rkezni, amit hat\u00e9konyabb m\u00e9diakamp\u00e1ny t\u00e1mogat. A val\u00f3s\u00e1g itt sem j\u00e1tszik szerepet.<\/p>\n

Ha a szavaz\u00e1s d\u00f6nt, akkor a m\u00e9diakamp\u00e1ny d\u00f6nt, akkor a manipul\u00e1ci\u00f3 d\u00f6nt.<\/p>\n

Egy elhib\u00e1zott kamp\u00e1ny a kiv\u00e1l\u00f3 szakembereket f\u00e9lretolhatja, \u00e9s hatalomra juttathat dilett\u00e1ns gazembereket, mert az \u0151 kamp\u00e1nyuk meggy\u0151z\u0151bb.<\/p>\n

Mi alapj\u00e1n szavaznak az emberek?<\/h2>\n

Mag\u00e1t\u00f3l \u00e9rtet\u0151d\u0151en inform\u00e1ci\u00f3k alapj\u00e1n. \u00c9s honnan vannak azok az inform\u00e1ci\u00f3k? Az \u00e9rdekelt felekt\u0151l.<\/p>\n

\u00cdgy az \u00e9rdekeltek vadul kamp\u00e1nyolnak maguk mellett, \u00e9s mindenki m\u00e1s ellen. A t\u00f6megek pedig d\u00f6ntenek, v\u00e1lasztanak olyan emberek k\u00f6z\u00fcl, akiket nem ismernek.<\/p>\n

Mi t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik akkor, ha egy eld\u00f6ntend\u0151 k\u00e9rd\u00e9sben \u00edrnak ki n\u00e9pszavaz\u00e1st? P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul: legyen-e Magyarorsz\u00e1g a NATO vagy az EU tagja, avagy l\u00e9pjen ki ezekb\u0151l, b\u0151v\u00edts\u00e9k-e a paksi atomer\u0151m\u0171vet, vagy \u00e9p\u00edtsenek modernebbet, esetleg a megl\u00e9v\u0151t bonts\u00e1k le, \u00e9s az orsz\u00e1g ne t\u00e1maszkodjon atomenergi\u00e1ra (stb). Hogyan d\u00f6ntenek az emberek ezekben a k\u00e9rd\u00e9sekben?<\/p>\n

Inform\u00e1ci\u00f3k alapj\u00e1n. Honnan szerzik be ezeket az inform\u00e1ci\u00f3kat? Lobbicsoportokt\u00f3l.<\/p>\n

T\u00e9telezz\u00fck fel, hogy n\u00e9pszavaz\u00e1st \u00edrnak ki az atomer\u0151m\u0171vekr\u0151l. Mi alapj\u00e1n fog d\u00f6nt\u00e9st hozni ebben a k\u00e9rd\u00e9sben J\u00f3zsi b\u00e1csi, Manci n\u00e9ni, \u00e9s kis unok\u00e1juk, S\u00e1rika? R\u00f6vid, egyszer\u0171en fogalmazott, k\u00e9pekkel t\u0171zdelt, k\u00e9t oldalas, vagy ehhez hasonl\u00f3 terjedelm\u0171 bros\u00far\u00e1k alapj\u00e1n. Ennyi m\u00e1sodk\u00e9zb\u0151l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 inform\u00e1ci\u00f3val felv\u00e9rtezve kellene val\u00f3s \u00edt\u00e9l\u0151k\u00e9pess\u00e9gre szert tenni\u00fck egy olyan t\u00e9m\u00e1ban, amir\u0151l semmi tapasztalatuk nincs.<\/p>\n

A politikusokat t\u00f6bb sz\u00e1z, esetenk\u00e9nt t\u00f6bb ezer oldalas tanulm\u00e1nyok seg\u00edtik \u00e1ll\u00e1spontjuk kialak\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ban.<\/p>\n

T\u00e9telezz\u00fck fel, hogy az atomer\u0151m\u0171 k\u00e9rd\u00e9s\u00e9ben a politika sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra k\u00e9sz\u00fclt egy 4 ezer oldalas tanulm\u00e1ny, \u00e9s az \u00e1llampolg\u00e1rok nem k\u00e9toldalas bros\u00far\u00e1t kapnak, hanem hozz\u00e1f\u00e9rhetnek mind a 4 ezer oldalhoz. A taxisof\u0151r, a g\u00e1zszerel\u0151, a rendszergazda, a tornatan\u00e1r, a biztos\u00edt\u00e1si \u00fcgyn\u00f6k, az \u0151stermel\u0151 (meg a t\u00f6bbiek) elolvass\u00e1k a t\u00f6bb ezer oldal terjedelm\u0171 szakmai anyagot, melynek egy r\u00e9sze atomfizika, egy r\u00e9sze atomer\u0151m\u0171 m\u0171szaki oldala, egy r\u00e9sze biztons\u00e1gpolitika, egy r\u00e9sze gazdas\u00e1g, egy r\u00e9sze belpolitika, egy r\u00e9sze energetika… Csupa olyan t\u00e9ma, amir\u0151l a sz\u00f3 szoros \u00e9rtelm\u00e9ben fogalmuk sincs. T\u00e9nylegesen m\u00e9g a fogalmi h\u00e1tter\u00fck sincs meg ahhoz, hogy meg\u00e9rts\u00e9k a tanulm\u00e1nyt.<\/p>\n

Arr\u00f3l nem is besz\u00e9lve, hogy m\u00e9g ha meg is tudn\u00e1k \u00e9rteni, a benne foglalt m\u00e1sodk\u00e9zb\u0151l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 inform\u00e1ci\u00f3kat nem lehet megvizsg\u00e1lni.<\/p>\n

De nem csak az \u00e1llampolg\u00e1r nem \u00e9rti a tanulm\u00e1nyt, a politikus sem, mivel nem az a szakm\u00e1ja. A politikusnak ugyan\u00fagy nincs meg m\u00e9g a fogalmi kerete sem a szakmai tanulm\u00e1ny \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s\u00e9hez, mint az \u00e1tlagpolg\u00e1rnak.<\/p>\n

Ha a n\u00e9pszavaz\u00e1s d\u00f6nt, akkor az \u00e9rdekelt felek \u00e1ltal t\u00e1j\u00e9koztatott t\u00f6megek hoznak d\u00f6nt\u00e9st \u00e9rzelmi alapon, \u00edt\u00e9l\u0151k\u00e9pess\u00e9g n\u00e9lk\u00fcl, olyan k\u00e9rd\u00e9sekben, amikr\u0151l val\u00f3j\u00e1ban nem tudnak semmit, \u00e9s v\u00e1lasztanak olyan emberek k\u00f6z\u00fcl, akiket nem ismernek.<\/p>\n

A demokr\u00e1ci\u00e1n t\u00fal<\/h2>\n

A demokr\u00e1cia lobbicsoportok \u00e9rdek\u00e9rv\u00e9nyes\u00edt\u0151 politikai rendszer\u00e9t jelentette, \u00e9s ma is pontosan ez a demokr\u00e1cia.<\/p>\n

Amennyiben van n\u00e9pszavaz\u00e1s, lobbicsoportok \u00e1ltal manipul\u00e1lt outsiderek d\u00f6nt\u00e9s\u00e9t\u0151l f\u00fcgg minden. Amennyiben nincs n\u00e9pszavaz\u00e1s, az eg\u00e9sz csak sz\u00ednh\u00e1z, amely elrejti a felel\u0151s\u00f6ket.<\/p>\n

B\u00e1rhonnan n\u00e9zz\u00fck is, a demokr\u00e1cia nev\u0171 politikai rendszernek s\u00falyos hi\u00e1nyoss\u00e1gai vannak. Elvben ugyan kiz\u00e1rja az egyszem\u00e9ly\u0171 \u00f6nk\u00e9nyuralmat, a gyakorlatban csup\u00e1n az \u00f6nk\u00e9nyurak sz\u00e1m\u00e1t n\u00f6veli meg. A szavaz\u00e1s \u00e9rtelmetlen, mivel a szavazatokat nem a val\u00f3s\u00e1g alapj\u00e1n adj\u00e1k le.<\/p>\n

Olyan \u00faj t\u00e1rsadalmi-politikai modellek kellen\u00e9nek, amelyek a demokr\u00e1ci\u00e1n\u00e1l sokkal hat\u00e9konyabbak, \u00e9s felel\u0151ss\u00e9gteljes korm\u00e1nyz\u00e1st tesznek lehet\u0151v\u00e9. Azt pontosan tudjuk, hogy ami eddig volt, az mit eredm\u00e9nyezett<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

Mit gondoltok, merre vezet az \u00fat, a demokr\u00e1ci\u00e1n t\u00fal?<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A demokr\u00e1cia a t\u00f6megek uralma. A demokr\u00e1cia a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem legnagyobb politikai v\u00edvm\u00e1nya. Sokan nagyj\u00e1b\u00f3l ennyit tudnak a demokr\u00e1ci\u00e1r\u00f3l. A legstabilabban Tov\u00e1bb »<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":6388,"featured_media":5626,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[73],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5625","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-a_vilag","8":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMi van a demokr\u00e1ci\u00e1n t\u00fal? - Duncan Shelley K\u00f6nyvesbolt<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/duncanshelley.com\/en\/mi-van-a-demokracian-tul\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mi van a demokr\u00e1ci\u00e1n t\u00fal?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A demokr\u00e1cia a t\u00f6megek uralma. A demokr\u00e1cia a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem legnagyobb politikai v\u00edvm\u00e1nya. Sokan nagyj\u00e1b\u00f3l ennyit tudnak a demokr\u00e1ci\u00e1r\u00f3l. 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